NBA Netherlands was formed from the merger of two Dutch professional accountancy organizations—the Royal Dutch Institute of Chartered Accountants (Royal NIVRA) and the Dutch Association of Accountants (NOvAA)—in January 2013. The Royal NIRVA, which was established in 1895, comprised accountants and auditors in public practice, the business sector, and government. Members of the NOvAA, which was founded in 1948, were mainly accountants. In December 2012, the Accountancy Profession Act established the legal status of the NBA Netherlands as a mandatory membership organization for auditors. The institute’s mandate includes (i) setting auditing and ethical standards for auditors; (ii) conducting quality assurance reviews of non-PIEs (delegated by the AFM); (iii) conducting continuing professional development; (iv) conducting audit licensing exams and issuing certificates; (v) undertaking any other activities that promote high professional standards and improve the quality of auditing services; and (vi) collecting and forwarding complaints to the Disciplinary Court. NBA Netherlands is a member of IFAC, Accountancy Europe, and the European Federation of Accountants and Auditors for small- and medium-sized entities.